[Sep-2026] Python Institute PCPP-32-101 Official Cert Guide PDF [Q23-Q44]

The correct answers are B and D. In Python’s csv module, a normal csv.reader object reads each CSV row as a list of strings, so option B is true. A csv.DictReader object reads each row into a dictionary, using field names as keys, so option D is also true. Option A is false because DictReader does not always take headers from the first row; field names can be provided explicitly through the fieldnames argument. Option C is false because DictWriter requires field names so it knows which dictionary keys correspond to CSV columns and in what order they should be written. This distinction between row lists and row dictionaries is central to CSV processing.

Explanation
The correct answer is C. Excalibur is the value passed to an instance variable. In the given code snippet, self.name is an instance variable of the Sword class. When an instance of the Sword class is created with varl = Sword(‘Excalibur’), the value ‘Excalibur’ is passed as an argument to the __init__ method and assigned to the name instance variable of the varl object.
The code defines a class called Sword with an __init__ method that takes one parameter name. When a new instance of the Sword class is created with varl = Sword(‘Excalibur’), the value of the ‘Excalibur’ string is passed as an argument to the __init__ method, and assigned to the self.name instance variable of the varl object.

C). w.resizable()
The resizable() method takes two Boolean arguments, width and height , that specify whether the main window can be resized in the corresponding directions. Passing False to both arguments makes the main window non-resizable, whereas passing True to both arguments (or omitting them) makes the window resizable.
Here is an example that sets the dimensions of the main window to 500×400 pixels and makes it non-resizable:
import tkinter as tk
root = tk. Tk ()
root. geometry ( “500×400” )
root. resizable (False, False)
root. mainloop ()
References:
Tkinter documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tk.html
Tkinter tutorial: https://www.python-course.eu/python_tkinter.php
The resizable () method of a tkinter window object allows you to specify whether the window can be resized by the user in the horizontal and vertical directions. You can pass two boolean arguments to this method, such as w.resizable (False, False), to prevent both dimensions from being changed. Alternatively, you can pass 0 or 1 as arguments, such as w.resizable (0, 0), to achieve the same effect 1 .
References:
1 : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36575890/how-to-set-a-tkinter-window-to-a-constant-size Other methods that can be used to control the window size are:
w.geometry () : This method allows you to set the initial size and position of the window by passing a string argument in the format “widthxheight+x+y”, such as w.geometry (“500×500+100+100”) 1 2 .
w.minsize () and w.maxsize (): These methods allow you to set the minimum and maximum size of the window in pixels, such as w.minsize (500, 500) and w.maxsize (1000, 1000) 1 2 .
w.pack_propagate () and w.grid_propagate (): These methods allow you to enable or disable the propagation of the size of the widgets inside the window to the window itself. By default, these methods are set to True, which means that the window will adjust its size according to the widgets it contains. You can set these methods to False or 0 to prevent this behavior, such as w.pack_propagate (0) or w.grid_propagate (0).
w.place (): This method allows you to place the window at a specific position and size relative to its parent window or screen. You can use keyword arguments such as x, y, width, height, relx, rely, relwidth, and relheight to specify the coordinates and dimensions of the window in absolute or relative terms, such as w.
place (x=0, y=0, relwidth=1, relheight=1).
References:
2 : https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25690423/set-window-dimensions-in-tkinter-python-3 :
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36575890/how-to-set-a-tkinter-window-to-a-constant-size
/36576068#36576068 : https://www.skotechlearn.com/2020/06/tkinter-window-position-size-center-screen-in- python.html

C). The execute method is provided by the Cursor class
This statement is true because the execute method is one of the methods of the Cursor class in the sqlite3 module. The Cursor class represents an object that can execute SQL statements and fetch results from a database connection. The execute method takes an SQL query as an argument and executes it against the database. For example, cur = conn.cursor (); cur.execute (“SELECT * FROM table”) creates and executes a cursor object that selects all rows from a table.
D). The fetchone method returns None when no rows are available
This statement is true because the fetchone method is another method of the Cursor class in the sqlite3 module. The fetchone method fetches the next row of a query result set and returns it as a single tuple or None if no more rows are available. For example, row = cur.fetchone () fetches and returns one row from the cursor object or None if there are no more rows.

A). In the context of TCP/IP networks, the communication side that initiates a connection is called the client, whereas the side that answers the client is called the server.
This statement is true because TCP/IP networks use a client-server model to establish connection-oriented communications. The client is the device or application that requests a service or resource from another device or application, which is called the server. The server responds to the client’s request and provides the service or resource. For example, when you browse a website using a web browser, the browser acts as a client and sends a request to the web server that hosts the website. The web server acts as a server and sends back the requested web page to the browser 1 .
B). Connectionless communications are usually built on top of TCP.
This statement is false because TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol that requires establishing and terminating a connection before and after sending data. Connectionless communications are usually built on top of UDP (User Datagram Protocol), which is a connectionless protocol that does not require any connection setup or teardown. UDP simply sends data packets to the destination without checking if they are received or not 2 .
C). Using walkie-talkies is an example of a connection-oriented communication.
This statement is false because using walkie-talkies is an example of a connectionless communication. Walkie- talkies do not establish a dedicated channel or connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting data. They simply broadcast data over a shared frequency without ensuring that the receiver is ready or available to receive it. The sender does not know if the receiver has received the data or not 3 .
D). A phone call is an example of a connection-oriented communication.
This statement is true because a phone call is an example of a connection-oriented communication. A phone call requires setting up a circuit or connection between the caller and callee before exchanging voice data. The caller and callee can hear each other’s voice and know if they are connected or not. The phone call also requires terminating the connection when the conversation is over 4 .
References:
1 : https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/client-server 2 : https://www.javatpoint.com
/connection-oriented-vs-connectionless-service 3 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-talkie 4 : https://en.
wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_call
A is true because in the context of TCP/IP networks, the communication side that initiates a connection is called the client, and the side that answers the client is called the server. This is the basis for establishing a connection-oriented communication.
D is true because a phone call is an example of a connection-oriented communication. Like TCP/IP, a phone call establishes a connection between two devices (in this case, two phones) before communication can occur.
A is true because in the context of TCP/IP networks, the communication side that initiates a connection is called the client, and the side that answers the client is called the server. This is the basis for establishing a connection-oriented communication.
D is true because a phone call is an example of a connection-oriented communication. Like TCP/IP, a phone call establishes a connection between two devices (in this case, two phones) before communication can occur.
B is false because connectionless communications are usually built on top of UDP, not TCP. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not establish a connection before sending data.
C is false because using walkie-talkies is an example of a connectionless communication. Walkie-talkies do not establish a connection before communication begins, and messages are simply broadcasted to all devices within range.
Here is a sample code in Python using the socket module to create a TCP server and client to demonstrate the connection-oriented communication:
Server-side code:
import socket
HOST = ‘127.0.0.1’
PORT = 8080
with socket. socket (socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s. bind ((HOST, PORT))
s. listen ()
conn, addr = s. accept ()
with conn:
print ( ‘Connected by’ , addr)
while True:
data = conn. recv ( 1024 )
if not data:
break
conn. sendall (data)
Client-side code:
import socket
HOST = ‘127.0.0.1’
PORT = 8080
with socket. socket (socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
s. connect ((HOST, PORT))
s. sendall (b ‘ Hello, world ‘ )
data = s. recv ( 1024 )
print ( ‘Received’ , repr (data))
The server listens for incoming connections on port 8080, and when a connection is established, it prints the address of the client that has connected. The server then continuously receives data from the client and sends it back to the client until the connection is closed.
The client establishes a connection with the server and sends the message “Hello, world” encoded as bytes. It then waits for a response from the server and prints the data it receives.

Explanation
Composition is an object-oriented design concept that models a has-a relationship. In composition, a class known as composite contains an object of another class known as component. In other words, a composite class has a component of another class1.
Composition allows a class to be projected as a container of different classes.
Composition is a concept in Python that allows for building complex objects out of simpler objects, by aggregating one or more objects of another class as attributes. The objects that are aggregated are generally considered to be parts of the whole object, and the containing object is often viewed as a container for the smaller objects.
In composition, objects are combined in a way that allows for greater flexibility and modifiability than what inheritance can offer. With composition, it is possible to create new objects by combining existing objects, by using a container object to host other objects. By contrast, with inheritance, new objects extend the behavior of their parent classes, and are limited by that inheritance hierarchy.
References:
* Official Python documentation on
Composition: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#composition
* GeeksforGeeks article on Composition vs
Inheritance: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/composition-vs-inheritance-python/
* Real Python article on Composition and
Inheritance: https://realpython.com/inheritance-composition-python/

According to PEP 8 recommendations, the two best options are Option B and Option D .
Option B follows PEP 8’s suggestion that all lines should be limited to 79 characters and for longer blocks of text like docstrings or comments, the length should be limited to 72 characters 1 . Option D follows PEP 8’s conventions for writing good documentation strings (a.k.a. “docstrings”) which are immortalized in PEP
257. It suggests writing docstrings for all public modules, functions, classes, and methods 2 .

The correct answers are B and C. In Python, exception objects have a __traceback__ attribute that stores traceback information connected with the point where the exception was raised. This makes option C true. The traceback object can be processed using functions from the traceback module, including traceback.format_tb(), which formats traceback entries into readable strings, so option B is also true. Option A is wrong because __traceback__ is not a special method and is not “delivered” by the traceback module; it is an exception attribute. Option D is also incorrect because the attribute is not limited only to exceptions in an explicit or implicit exception chain.

Explanation
In the given code snippet, the repeat function is a decorator that takes an argument num_times specifying the number of times the decorated function should be called. The repeat function returns an inner function wrapper_repeat that takes a function func as an argument and returns another inner function wrapper that calls func num_times times.
The provided code snippet represents an example of a decorator that accepts its own arguments.
The @decorator_function syntax is used to apply the decorator_function to the some_function function.
The decorator_function takes an argument arg1 and defines an inner function wrapper_function that takes the original function func as its argument. The wrapper_function then returns the result of calling func, along with the arg1 argument passed to the decorator_function.
Here is an example of how to use this decorator with some_function:
@decorator_function(“argument 1”)
defsome_function():
return”Hello world”
When some_function is called, it will first be passed as an argument to the decorator_function.
The decorator_function then adds the string “argument 1” to the result of calling some_function() and returns the resulting string. In this case, the final output would be “Hello world argument 1”.

Explanation
In the JSON processing context, the term serialization: A. names a process in which Python data is turned into a JSON string.
Serialization refers to the process of converting a data object, such as a Python object, into a format that can be easily transferred over a network or stored in a file. In the case of JSON, serialization refers to converting Python data into a string representation using the JSON format. This string can be sent over a network or stored as a file, and later deserialized back into the original Python data object.

Explanation
The provided code snippet defines a function f1 that accepts variable-length arguments using the *args and **kwargs syntax. The *args parameter allows for an arbitrary number of unnamed arguments to be passed to the function as a tuple, while the **kwargs parameter allows for an arbitrary number of named arguments to be passed to the function as a dictionary.
Therefore, the correct statement that best describes the code is:
The *args parameter holds a list of unnamed parameters, while the **kwargs parameter holds a dictionary of named parameters.

The correct answer is C. The code creates an XML root element named data and then adds two child elements named car. Each car element receives a brand attribute, one with the value Audi and the other with the value Volkswagen. The statement tree.write(‘cars.xml’, ‘UTF-8′, True) writes the XML document using UTF-8 encoding and explicitly enables the XML declaration through the third argument. Because the XML declaration is enabled, the output begins with < ?xml version=’1.0′ encoding=’UTF-8’? > . The generated XML body then contains the data element with two self-closing car child elements. Options without the encoding declaration are therefore incomplete.

Explanation
The unbind_all() method in Tkinter is used to remove all event bindings from a widget. It is a method of the widget object and can be called on any widget in the Tkinter application. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Option B is incorrect because the method can be called on any widget, not just the main window widget.
Option C is correct as unbind_all() does not take any parameters.
Option D is incorrect because the method only removes event bindings and does not cause the widgets to disappear.
So, the correct answers are A and C.
References:
* Tkinter documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tkinter.html#event-bindings
* Tkinter tutorial: https://www.python-course.eu/tkinter_events_binds.php

Explanation
Option A is true because PEP 8 recommends avoiding extraneous whitespace immediately inside parentheses, brackets or braces 1.
Option C is true because PEP 8 recommends avoiding extraneous whitespace between a trailing comma and a following close parenthesis 1.

In the given code snippet, the repeat function is a decorator that takes an argument num_times specifying the number of times the decorated function should be called. The repeat function returns an inner function wrapper_repeat that takes a function func as an argument and returns another inner function wrapper that calls func num_times times.
The provided code snippet represents an example of a decorator that accepts its own arguments.
The @decorator_function syntax is used to apply the decorator_function to the some_function function.
The decorator_function takes an argument arg1 and defines an inner function wrapper_function that takes the original function func as its argument. The wrapper_function then returns the result of calling func , along with the arg1 argument passed to the decorator_function .
Here is an example of how to use this decorator with some_function :
@ decorator_function ( “argument 1” )
def some_function ():
return “Hello world”
When some_function is called, it will first be passed as an argument to the decorator_function .
The decorator_function then adds the string “argument 1” to the result of calling some_function() and returns the resulting string. In this case, the final output would be “Hello world argument 1” .
Reference:
Official Python documentation on Decorators: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-decorator

Explanation
The true statement related to PEP 257 is Option B. According to PEP 257, string literals occurring elsewhere in Python code may also act as documentation. They are not recognized by the Python bytecode compiler and are not accessible as runtime object attributes (i.e. not assigned to doc), but two types of extra docstrings may be extracted by software tools: String literals occurring immediately after a simple assignment at the top level of a module, class, or init method are called “attribute docstrings”. String literals occurring immediately after another docstring are called “additional docstrings”1.

The correct answers are C and D. PEP 8 recommends surrounding top-level function and class definitions with two blank lines. This improves readability by clearly separating major program units in a module. Inside a class, method definitions should be separated by a single blank line because methods are more closely related and need less visual separation than top-level definitions. Option A is incorrect because imports are commonly grouped into standard library imports, third-party imports, and local application imports, with blank lines separating those groups. Option B is incorrect because one blank line is insufficient for top-level functions and classes under PEP 8. These spacing rules support clean, predictable, maintainable Python code layout.

Explanation
The socket.gaierror exception is raised when an address-related error caused by the getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() functions occurs. These functions are used to translate hostnames to IP addresses and vice versa, and the gaierror exception is raised if they fail to perform this translation.

The true statement about the __name__ attribute is D. name is a special attribute, which is inherent for classes, and it contains the name of a class . The __name__ attribute is a special attribute of classes that contains the name of the class as a string.
The __name__ attribute is a special attribute in Python that is available for all classes, and it contains the name of the class as a string. The __name__ attribute can be accessed from both the class and its instances using the dot notation.
Reference:
Official Python documentation on Classes: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html#class-objects

Explanation
A socket is a connection point that enables a two-way communication between programs running in a network.
This statement is true because a socket is a software structure that serves as an endpoint for sending and receiving data across a network. A socket is defined by an application programming interface (API) for the networking architecture, such as TCP/IP. A socket can be used to establish a communication channel between two programs running on the same or different network nodes12.
A socket is always the secure means by which computers on a network can safely communicate, without the risk of exposure to an attack.
This statement is false because a socket by itself does not provide any security or encryption for the data transmitted over the network. A socket can be vulnerable to various types of attacks, such as eavesdropping, spoofing, hijacking, or denial-of-service. To ensure secure communication, a socket can use additional protocols or mechanisms, such as SSL/TLS, SSH, VPN, or firewall3.
A socket is a connection point that enables a one-way communication only between remote processes.
This statement is false because a socket can enable both one-way and two-way communication between processes running on the same or different network nodes. A socket can be used for connection-oriented or connectionless communication, depending on the type of protocol used. For example, TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable and bidirectional data transfer, while UDP is a connectionless protocol that provides unreliable and unidirectional data transfer12.
A socket can be used to establish a communication endpoint for processes running on the same or different machines.
This statement is true because a socket can be used for inter-process communication (IPC) within a single machine or across different machines on a network. A socket can use different types of addresses to identify the processes involved in the communication, such as IP address and port number for network sockets, or file name or path for Unix domain sockets12.
References:
1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_socket 2:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/socket-in-computer-network/ 3:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-is-a-network-socket-computer-networks